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Here you will find a large amount of educational information which will help
your understanding of modern chemistry and science in general. This
information is purely for educational purposes and I take no responsibility
for any actions taken as a result of anyone reading the following.
If you do not accept this statement, then go here.
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6.1 ROCKETS
Rockets were first developed by the Chinese several hundred years before
Christ. They were used for entertainment, in the form of fireworks. They were
not usually used for military purposes because they were inaccurate, expensive,
and unpredictable. In modern times, however, rockets are used constantly by the
military, since they are cheap, reliable, and have no recoil. Perpetrators of
violence, fortunately, cannot obtain military rockets, but they can make or buy
rocket engines. Model rocketry is a popular hobby of the space age, and to
launch a rocket, an engine is required. Estes, a subsidiary of Damon, is the
leading manufacturer of model rockets and rocket engines. Their most powerful
engine, the "D" engine, can develop almost 12 lbs. of thrust; enough
to send a relatively large explosive charge a significant distance. Other
companies, such as Centuri, produce even larger rocket engines, which develop up
to 30 lbs. of thrust. These model rocket engines are quite reliable, and are
designed to be fired electrically. Most model rocket engines have three basic
sections. The diagram below will help explain them.
__________________________________________________________
|_________________________________________________________| -- cardboard
\ clay | - - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . .|c| casing
\_______| - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . |l|
______ _ - - - thrust - - - | smoke | eject |a|
/ clay | - - - - - - - - - | * * * | . . . .|y|
/________|_____________________|_______|________|_|_______
|_________________________________________________________| -- cardboard
casing
The clay nozzle is where the igniter is inserted. When the area labeled
"thrust" is ignited, the "thrust" material, usually a large
single grain of a propellant such as black powder or pyrodex, burns, forcing
large volumes of hot, rapidly expanding gasses out the narrow nozzle, pushing
the rocket forward. After the material has been consumed, the smoke section of
the engine is ignited. It is usually a slow-burning material, similar to black
powder that has had various compounds added to it to produce visible smoke,
usually black, white, or yellow in color. This section exists so that the rocket
will be seen when it reaches its maximum altitude, or apogee. When it is burned
up, it ignites the ejection charge, labeled "eject". The ejection
charge is finely powdered black powder. It burns very rapidly, exploding, in
effect. The explosion of the ejection charge pushes out the parachute of the
model rocket. It could also be used to ignite the fuse of a bomb...
Rocket engines have their own peculiar labeling system. Typical engine labels
are: 1/4A-2T, 1/2A-3T, A8-3, B6-4, C6-7, and D12-5. The letter is an indicator
of the power of an engine. "B" engines are twice as powerful as
"A" engines, and "C" engines are twice as powerful as
"B" engines, and so on. The number following the letter is the
approximate thrust of the engine, in pounds. the final number and letter is the
time delay, from the time that the thrust period of engine burn ends until the
ejection charge fires; "3T" indicates a 3 second delay.
NOTE: an extremely effective rocket propellant can be made by mixing aluminum
dust with ammonium perchlorate and a very small amount of iron oxide.
The mixture is bound together by an epoxy.
6.11 BASIC ROCKET BOMB
A rocket bomb is simply what the name implies: a bomb that is delivered to
its target by means of a rocket. Most people who would make such a device would
use a model rocket engine to power the device. By cutting fins from balsa wood
and gluing them to a large rocket engine, such as the Estes "C"
engine, a basic rocket could be constructed. Then, by attaching a "crater
maker", or CO2 cartridge bomb to the rocket, a bomb would be added. To
insure that the fuse of the "crater maker" (see sect. 4.42) ignited,
the clay over the ejection charge of the engine should be scraped off with a
plastic tool. The fuse of the bomb should be touching the ejection charge, as
shown below.
____________ rocket engine
| _________ crater maker
| |
| |
V |
_______________________________V_
|_______________________________| ______________________
\ | - - - - - -|***|::::| /# # # # # # # # # # # \
\__| - - - - - -|***|::::| ___/ # # # # # # # # # # # \
__ - - - - - -|***|::::|---fuse--- # # explosive # # )
/ | - - - - - -|***|::::| ___ # # # # # # # # # # # /
/___|____________|___|____|____ \_______________________/
|_______________________________|
thrust> - - - - - -
smoke> ***
ejection charge> ::::
Duct tape is the best way to attach the crater maker to the rocket engine. Note
in the diagram the absence of the clay over the ejection charge Many different
types of explosive payloads can be attached to the rocket, such as a high
explosive, an incendiary device, or a chemical fire bottle.
Either four or three fins must be glued to the rocket engine to insure that
the rocket flies straight. The fins should look like the following diagram:
|\
| \
| \
| \ <--------- glue this to rocket engine
| \
| \
| \
| |
| |
| |
leading edge |
-------> |
| |
| | trailing edge
| | <--------
| |
| |
| |
| |
\_____/
The leading edge and trailing edge should be sanded with sandpaper so that
they are rounded. This will help make the rocket fly straight. A two inch long
section of a plastic straw can be attached to the rocket to launch it from. A
clothes hanger can be cut and made into a launch rod. The segment of a plastic
straw should be glued to the rocket engine adjacent to one of the fins of the
rocket. A front view of a completed rocket bomb is shown below.
|
fin | <------ fin
| | |
| | |
| __|__ |
V / \ V
---------------| |---------------
\_____/
|o <----------- segment of plastic straw
|
|
| <------ fin
|
|
By cutting a coat hanger at the indicated arrows, and bending it, a launch rod
can be made. After a fuse is inserted in the engine, the rocket is simply slid
down the launch rod, which is put through the segment of plastic straw. The
rocket should slide easily along a coathanger, such as the one illustated here:
____
/ \
| |
cut here _____ |
| |
| |
| / \
V / \
_________________/ \________________
/ \
/ \
/____________________________________________\
^
|
|
and here ______|
Bend wire to this shape:
_______ insert into straw
|
|
|
V
____________________________________________
\
\
\
\
\ <--------- bend here to adjust flight angle
|
|
|
|
|
| <---------- put this end in ground
|
6.12 LONG RANGE ROCKET BOMB
Long range rockets can be made by using multi-stage rockets. Model rocket
engines with an "0" for a time delay are designed for use in multi-
stage rockets. An engine such as the D12-0 is an excellent example of such an
engine. Immediately after the thrust period is over, the ejection charge
explodes. If another engine is placed directly against the back of an
"0" engine, the explosion of the ejection charge will send hot gasses
and burning particles into the nozzle of the engine above it, and ignite the
thrust section. This will push the used "0" engine off of the rocket,
causing an overall loss of weight. The main advantage of a multi-stage rocket is
that it loses weight as travels, and it gains velocity. A multi-stage rocket
must be designed somewhat differently than a single stage rocket, since, in
order for a rocket to fly straight, its center of gravity must be ahead of its
center of drag. This is accomplished by adding weight to the front of the
rocket, or by moving the center of drag back by putting fins on the rocket that
are well behind the rocket. A diagram of a multi-stage rocket appears on the
following page:
___
/ \
| |
| C |
| M | ------ CM: Crater Maker
| |
| |
|___|
| |
| |
| |
| C | ------ C6-5 rocket engine
/| 6 |\
/ | | | \
/ | 5 | \
/ |___| \ ---- fin
/ /| |\ \
/ / | | \ \
/ / | | \ \
/ / | C | \ \
| / | 6 | \ |
| / | | | \ |
| / | 0 | \ |
|/ |___| \|
| / \ |
\______/ ^ \______/ ------- fin
|
|
|
|
C6-0 rocket engine
The fuse is put in the bottom engine.
Two, three, or even four stages can be added to a rocket bomb to give it a
longer range. It is important, however, that for each additional stage, the fin
area gets larger.
6.13 MULTIPLE WARHEAD ROCKET BOMBS
"M.R.V." is an acronym for Multiple Reentry Vehicle. The concept is
simple: put more than one explosive warhead on a single missile. This can be
done without too much difficulty by anyone who knows how to make crater-makers
and can buy rocket engines. By attaching crater makers with long fuses to a
rocket, it is possible that a single rocket could deliver several explosive
devices to a target. Such a rocket might look like the diagram on the following
page:
___
/ \
| |
| C |
| M |
|___|
___| |___
| | | |
| | T | |
/ \ | U | / \
/ \| B |/ \
| || E || |
| C || || C |
| M || || M |
| ||___|| |
\___/| E |\___/
| N |
/| G |\
/ | I | \
/ | N | \
/ | E | \
/ |___| \
/ fin/ | \ fin\
| / | \ |
\__/ | \__/
^
|____ fin
The crater makers are attached to the tube of rolled paper with tape. the paper
tube is made by rolling and gluing a 4 inch by 8 inch piece of paper. The tube
is glued to the engine, and is filled with gunpowder or black powder. Small
holes are punched in it, and the fuses of the crater makers are inserted in
these holes. A crater maker is glued to the open end of the tube, so that its
fuse is inside the tube. A fuse is inserted in the engine, or in the bottom
engine if the rocket bomb is multi stage, and the rocket is launched from the
coathanger launcher, if a segment of a plastic straw has been attached to it.
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