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Here you will find a large amount of educational information which will help
your understanding of modern chemistry and science in general. This
information is purely for educational purposes and I take no responsibility
for any actions taken as a result of anyone reading the following.
If you do not accept this statement, then go here.
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4.3 DELAYS
A delay is a device which causes time to pass from when a device is set up to
the time that it explodes. A regular fuse is a delay, but it would cost quite a
bit to have a 24 hour delay with a fuse. This section deals with the different
types of delays that can be employed by a FREEDOMFIGHTER who wishes to be sure that
his bomb will go off, but wants to be out of the country when it does.
4.31 FUSE DELAYS
It is extremely simple to delay explosive devices that employ fuses for
ignition. Perhaps the simplest way to do so is with a cigarette. An average
cigarette burns for about 8 minutes. The higher the "tar" and nicotine
rating, the slower the cigarette burns. Low "tar" and nicotine
cigarettes burn quicker than the higher "tar" and nicotine cigarettes,
but they are also less likely to go out if left unattended, i.e. not smoked.
Depending on the wind or draft in a given place, a high "tar"
cigarette is better for delaying the ignition of a fuse, but there must be
enough wind or draft to give the cigarette enough oxygen to burn. People who use
cigarettes for the purpose of delaying fuses will often test the cigarettes that
they plan to use in advance to make sure they stay lit and to see how long it
will burn. Once a cigarettes burn rate is determined, it is a simple matter of
carefully putting a hole all the way through a cigarette with a toothpick at the
point desired, and pushing the fuse for a device in the hole formed.
|=|
|=| ---------- filter
|=|
| |
| |
|o| ---------- hole for fuse
cigarette ------------ | |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
|_| ---------- light this end
A similar type of device can be make from powdered charcoal and a sheet of
paper. Simply roll the sheet of paper into a thin tube, and fill it with
powdered charcoal. Punch a hole in it at the desired location, and insert a
fuse. Both ends must be glued closed, and one end of the delay must be doused
with lighter fluid before it is lit. Or, a small charge of gunpowder mixed with
powdered charcoal could conceivably used for igniting such a delay. A chain of
charcoal briquettes can be used as a delay by merely lining up a few bricks of
charcoal so that they touch each other, end on end, and lighting the first
brick. Incense, which can be purchased at almost any novelty or party supply
store, can also be used as a fairly reliable delay. By wrapping the fuse about
the end of an incense stick, delays of up to 1/2 an hour are possible.
Finally, it is possible to make a relatively slow-burning fuse in the home.
By dissolving about one teaspoon of black powder in about 1/4 a cup of boiling
water, and, while it is still hot, soaking in it a long piece of all cotton
string, a slow-burning fuse can be made. After the soaked string dries, it must
then be tied to the fuse of an explosive device. Sometimes, the end of the slow
burning fuse that meets the normal fuse has a charge of black powder or
gunpowder at the intersection point to insure ignition, since the slow-burning
fuse does not burn at a very high temperature. A similar type of slow fuse can
be made by taking the above mixture of boiling water and black powder and
pouring it on a long piece of toilet paper. The wet toilet paper is then gently
twisted up so that it resembles a firecracker fuse, and is allowed to dry.
4.32 TIMER DELAYS
Timer delays, or "time bombs" are usually employed by an individual
who wishes to threaten a place with a bomb and demand money to reveal its
location and means to disarm it. Such a device could be placed in any populated
place if it were concealed properly. There are several ways to build a timer
delay. By simply using a screw as one contact at the time that detonation is
desired, and using the hour hand of a clock as the other contact, a simple timer
can be made. The minute hand of a clock should be removed, unless a delay of
less than an hour is desired.
___________________________________ to igniter from igniter
| |
| 12 | : :
| 11 1 | : :
| | : :
| 10 2 | : :
| o../..../..../..../..|../....: :
| | :
| 9 3 | :
| | :
| | :
| 8 4 | :
| o../..../...|../.... :
| 7 5 | : :
| 6 | :.+../...-../...:
|__________________________________| __|_____|
| |
| battery |
o - contacts | |
../... - wire | |
|___________|
This device is set to go off in eleven hours. When the hour hand of the clock
reaches the contact near the numeral 5, it will complete the circuit, allowing
current to flow through the igniter or squib.
The main disadvantage with this type of timer is that it can only be set for
a maximum time of 12 hours. If an electronic timer is used, such as that in an
electronic clock, then delays of up to 24 hours are possible. By removing the
speaker from an electronic clock, and attaching the wires of a squib or igniter
to them, a timer with a delay of up to 24 hours can be made. To utilize this
type of timer, one must have a socket that the clock can be plugged into. All
that one has to do is set the alarm time of the clock to the desired time,
connect the leads, and go away. This could also be done with an electronic
watch, if a larger battery were used, and the current to the speaker of the
watch was stepped up via a transformer. This would be good, since such a timer
could be extremely small. The timer in a VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) would be
ideal. VCR's can usually be set for times of up to a week. The leads from the
timer to the recording equipment would be the ones that an igniter or squib
would be connected to. Also, one can buy timers from electronics stores that
would be ideal. Finally, one could employ a digital watch, and use a relay, or
electro-magnetic switch to fire the igniter, and the current of the watch would
not have to be stepped up.
4.33 CHEMICAL DELAYS
Chemical delays are uncommon, but they can be extremely effective in some
cases. If a glass container is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, and
capped with several thicknesses of aluminum foil, or a cap that it will eat
through, then it can be used as a delay. Sulfuric acid will react with aluminum
foil to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen gas, and so the container must be
open to the air on one end so that the pressure of the hydrogen gas that is
forming does not break the container. See diagram on following page.
_ _
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
| |_____________| |
| | | |
| | sulfuric | |
| | | |
| | acid | |
| | | |---------- aluminum foil
| |_____________| | (several thicknesses)
|_________________|
The aluminum foil is placed over the bottom of the container and secured there
with tape. When the acid eats through the aluminum foil, it can be used to
ignite an explosive device in several ways.
- Sulfuric acid is a good conductor of electricity. If the acid that eats
through the foil is collected in a glass container placed underneath the
foil, and two wires are placed in the glass container, a current will be
able to flow through the acid when both of the wires are immersed in the
acid.
- Sulfuric acid reacts very violently with potassium chlorate. If the acid
drips down into a container containing potassium chlorate, the potassium
chlorate will burst into flame. This flame can be used to ignite a fuse, or
the potassium chlorate can be the igniter for a thermit bomb, if some
potassium chlorate is mixed in a 50/50 ratio with the thermit, and this
mixture is used as an igniter for the rest of the thermit.
- Sulfuric acid reacts with potassium permangenate in a similar way.
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